昨天美国最高法院判“不允许同性结婚”违反宪法第十四修正案,我们看看宪法第十四修正案第一款怎么说的:
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
所有在合众国出生或归化合众国并受其管辖的人,都是合众国的和他们居住州的公民。任何一州,都不得制定或实施限制合众国公民的特权或豁免权的法律;不经正当法律程序,不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产;在州管辖范围内,也不得拒绝给予任何人以平等法律保护。
也就是说,最高法认为别的州允许同性结婚,而有的州不行,这么做属于“限制公民特权的法律”。当然最高法一共9名法官,有5名是这么认为的,我们看看他们的判词。
No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family. In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. As some of the petitioners in these cases demonstrate, marriage embodies a love that may endure even past death. It would misunderstand these men and women to say they disrespect the idea of marriage. Their plea is that they do respect it, respect it so deeply that they seek to find its fulfillment for themselves. Their hope is not to be condemned to live in loneliness, excluded from one of civilization’s oldest institutions. They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them that right.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit is reversed.
没有任何的盟约比婚姻更深刻,因其体现了最崇高的爱情,忠诚,奉献,牺牲和亲情。婚姻让两人组成比两个单独个体更伟大的海誓山盟。如上诉者所言,婚姻作为爱的结晶甚至能够超越生死。他们并非对婚姻不敬。相反,正因他们对婚姻如此毕恭毕敬,他们才设法追寻并实现属于他们的婚姻。他们期许不再孑孓,不再被排除在人类文明最古老的盟约之外。他们请求法律赋予他们平等和尊严的权利——宪法赋予他们这项权利。
裁定维持第六巡回上诉法院的判决。
但是不要忽视了另外4名持反对意见的法官,他们每人都写了一篇反对意见,其中首席大法官罗伯茨认为婚姻的定义权应该在州政府,把这个权利收回到最高法,由5名(曾经的)律师决定——而不是名选出来的议会——不符合宪法精神。也没有以往的判例支持他们这么做。
If you are among the many Americans—of whatever sexual orientation—who favor expanding same-sex marriage, by all means celebrate today’s decision. Celebrate the achievement of a desired goal. Celebrate the opportunity for a new expression of commitment to a partner. Celebrate the availability of new benefits. But do not celebrate the Constitution. It had nothing to do with it.
I respectfully dissent.
如果你是赞同同性婚姻的美国人——无论你的性取向如何——正在庆祝今天的判决,那么请庆祝你们的愿望终于达成,请庆祝你们获取了更广泛的向伴侣作出承诺的方式,请庆祝你们获得了新的福利。但是请不要庆祝宪法,因为这一切和宪法没有任何关系。
我持反对意见。
当然说到加拿大,事情就简单多了,加拿大05年就通过联邦立法承认了同性婚姻,而在此之前大多数省份已经承认了同性婚姻。加拿大现在不管是在联邦层面还是省层面都全面承认同性婚姻,每年各地还会举办同性恋骄傲游行(Gay Pride),呼吁同性恋能在更多的国家合法化。
加拿大不仅承认同性婚姻,还承认“不结婚”的普通法伴侣关系。只要双方像夫妻一样生活一年(住在一起,中间没有大的间隔),那么不管是同性还是异性,都可以像当做已经结婚看待,在移民法上也承认。
新生代做过多起普通法伴侣一起移民或者担保的案例,在我们看来,普通法伴侣除了需要提供一些证明(住在一起的证明、双方关系的证明),在移民官那里并没有获得太多特殊对待,当然比结婚肯定是要麻烦一些。在我们观察中,同性的同居关系似乎更容易被签证官接受——因为中国不允许同性结婚,家长也不能理解同性结婚——这让他们通过普通法关系申请移民更容易被理解,如果是异性的同居关系,签证官反而会审查地更多一些。